 |
Manuals
and Guides: Environment
Protecting
Your Groundwater, continued
Educating
for Action
Manual
Index
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1: Getting Started
Chapter 2: Researching and Developing
information
Chapter 3: Development and Distribution
of Materials
Chapter 4: Public Meetings,
Forums and Workshops
Chapter
5: Publicity
Chapter 6: Fundraising
Chapter 7: Keeping It Going
Case
Study 1: Well Survey Builds Commitment to Groundwater
Case Study 2: "Training the Trainers" Keeps Protection Efforts
Moving
Case Study 3: Video Illuminates
Major Groundwater Issues in County
Case Study 4: Building
Coalitions Across County Lines
Appendix A: League Community Groundwater Education
Projects
Appendix B: Sources of Groundwater Contamination
Appendix C: Data Collection Form: General Roles/Duties/Authorities
Appendix D: Data Collection Form: Local/State/Federal
Management Status
Appendix E: Resources
Contents
Appendix
A: League Community Groundwater Education Projects
Appendix B: Sources of Groundwater Contamination
Appendix C: Data Collection Form: General Roles/Duties/Authorities
Appendix D: Data Collection Form: Local/State/Federal
Management Status
Appendix E: Resources
Appendix
A:
League Community Groundwater Education Projects
The LWV
of Athens County, Ohio launched a multi-faceted "water
at risk" campaign to educate citizens about the need for groundwater
protection. Part of the Appalachian region, sparsely populated
Athens County has large sulfur coal reserves and a history of
damage to its environment and groundwater, primarily from acid
mine drainage. Leaking underground storage tanks, pesticides and
fertilizers, industrial spills, landfills and other pollution
sources also threaten the shallow aquifer. The League presented
two "Water At Risk" forums featuring officials from state and
local government agencies, recruited and trained "Water Watchers"
to research threats to the local water supply and provide education
to the community about groundwater protection, produced and distributed
5,000 "Groundwater - Don't Lose It!" brochures and posters, and
cosponsored a county-wide drinking water testing program with
the Athens Soil and Water Conservation District. A Water At Risk
video based on the two public forums was shown on public access
television and distributed to area libraries. The League developed
"groundwater education centers" for all the county libraries containing
all project information, reading lists and speakers lists. Project
leaders met with local public officials and agency staff to plan
the project and share information, and built coalitions with other
community groups to extend the project's impact.
For more
information, contact:
Windsor Chacey, Ph.D.
c/o LWV of Athens County
P.O. Box 5788 Athens, OH 45701
The LWV of Baton Rouge, Louisiana
formed a task force to help plan a public forum and guide the project's
public education efforts. Naturally occurring contaminants (primarily
fluorides and radioactivity) and human activities threaten the current
high quality of the system of interconnected sand and gravel aquifers
underlying the city.
The project
taskforce included representatives from state agencies, industry,
environmental groups, the local water company and the League of
Women Voters. The three-hour forum was designed to educate both
residents and agencies with jurisdiction over groundwater; 100
people attended. The League researched, developed and published
educational flyers entitled "Protect Your Groundwater," and the
forum announcement included information about the area's aquifer
system as well as general information about potential threats
to groundwater resources. The League worked with other groups
to produce a comprehensive directory of public agencies and private
organizations working on groundwater protection. After the project,
the League continued its educational efforts and support for the
development of local and state wellhead and groundwater protection
initiatives.
For more
information, contact:
Kathryn Farris
7744 LaSalle, #37
Baton Rouge, LA 70806
504-928-7647
The LWV
of Briarcliff, Ossining, Croton and Cortlandt, New York
focused on what individuals can do to improve water quality, emphasizing
the proper disposal of household hazardous wastes and use of less
toxic alternatives, proper septic tank maintenance and regular
testing of private wells. The biggest contamination problems in
this densely populated area are leaking septic tanks and polluted
runoff, problems compounded by the region's steep, rocky slopes
and poorly drained soils. Twenty-six volunteers gave presentations
at fairs, schools, organizations and municipal boards, reaching
approximately 1,700 people. The League developed and distributed
brochures on the region's water history, developed an exhibit
with a large, interactive groundwater model that toured area libraries
and a local nature center, and ran a fact-filled "water quiz"
in local newspapers.
At the conclusion
of the project, the League decided that watershed and wellhead
protection were important enough to go to the next step—action.
With the participation of the nine municipalities involved, the
League initiated a year-long study of the possibility of intermunicipal
agreements for watershed protection. When the study is completed,
the League will adopt a position and lobby for it.
For more
information, contact:
Daria Gregg
51 Old Albany Post Road
Ossining, NY 10562
914-762-1316
The LWV
of Cape May County, New Jersey responded to a serious
water supply problem by undertaking a public education program in
1989 in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy (NJDEPE)
and the Cape May Planning Board. Cape May County has been identified
as having the most serious water supply problems in the state due
to threats of salt water intrusion, contamination from human activities
and overdrafting of the supply. The League, working with these agencies,
has sponsored an annual public meeting on the county's water supply
since 1989. The LWVEF project enabled the Cape May County League
to expand its education efforts beyond the annual meeting, developing
factsheets, charts and a slide show for presentations before government
and community groups throughout the county. The centerpiece of the
League's project was use of a groundwater flow model to demonstrate
how salt water intrusion occurs, how septic systems can affect wells,
and the importance of wellhead protection to protecting groundwater
resources. Word of the League's groundwater model has sparked interest
and requests for presentations from around the state. To help get
the message out, the project recruited and trained a "Water Network"
of speakers to use the model and other materials in talks about
the county's water supply. Project participants made presentations
to service and community groups, environmental groups and environmental
commissions, agricultural groups, real estate agents, builders and
developers, chambers of commerce, church groups, senior citizen
groups and others. The key role of the League's annual water forums
and outreach in helping the public understand the county's water
supply problem has been recognized by the local office of the USGS
and other groups that work on water issues in the county.
After the
project the League continued to work on watershed protection,
hosted a well-attended symposium on wastewater reuse and desalination,
and served on a newly formed commission to advise county legislators,
the Water Resources Coordinating Council. Water Network speakers
continued to give presentations using the groundwater model to
interested groups and government bodies around the county and
around the state.
For more
information, contact:
Peggy Haskin
30 High's Beach Road
Cape May Court House, NJ 08210
609-465-5774
The LWV
of Dare County, North Carolina organized a comprehensive
day-long symposium featuring state and local officials, a national
environmental journalist, and industry and environmental specialists.
The conference provided an overview of the region's aquifer system
and covered regional concerns, including the stress on water resources
caused by explosive development in the coastal area, contamination
threats from septic and underground storage tanks, and salt water
intrusion from overpumping. 135 people attended, including county
commissioners, real estate agents, the county manager and county
board chairman of the neighboring county, at least one mayor,
several town commissioners, several county and town employees,
engineers from private firms, and area business people. The project
produced an informative brochure and developed an exhibit for
the state university's groundwater fair, the county Earth Day
celebration, and a local village fair. Project participants spoke
to numerous organizations, including the Homebuilders Association
and Rotary Club, and sponsored a public showing of Power to Protect,
a video that profiles groundwater protection efforts in three
northeast communities (see Resources section).
With other organizations, the League cosponsored public meetings
on soil and water conservation, water conservation in gardening
and wetlands issues.
Following
the project's conclusion, the League organized a public symposium
on the revision of the county's land use plan, which came under
review in 1993. The League also has pushed for a county-wide hydrogeological
survey to guide future planning and, pending final wellhead protection
guidelines from the state, has called for restrictions on use
of recharge area lands that are likely to be designated Wellhead
Protection Areas. The League also has supported adoption of a
well construction ordinance. Thanks to the groundwater education
campaign, public awareness of the need to protect groundwater
resources has been raised, increasing the prospects for meaningful
public participation in the land use plan update—and increasing
the chances that tangible protection measures will be adopted.
For more
information, contact:
Jean Reichmann LWV of Dare County
P.O. Box 393
Kitty Hawk, NC 27949
919-261 -2463
LWV
of Enid, Oklahoma
Click here for profile.
For more
information, contact:
Cheri Ezzell
1722 E. Maple
Enid, OK 73701
405-242-5012
The LWV
of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania produced three informative
brochures addressing local needs and geology, made "Talking About
Groundwater" presentations—a slide show, water flow model
demonstration and informal discussion about water issues—to
local government leaders in the townships of the county, schools,
Grange meetings and regional planning departments. Groundwater,
from fractured shale and limestone aquifers, supplies about 60
percent of the users in this agricultural region, part of the
Appalachian Valley and Ridge province. Although Union County had
not experienced any major episodes of groundwater contamination,
there had been local incidents of pollution. Tanks from a long
abandoned dry-cleaning establishment had leaked into the soil
near a public water supply, contaminating groundwater and eventually
reaching a nearby stream, several small fuel tank leaks had been
reported, and a manure pit had leaked into a neighboring private
well. In addition, a recent study of private wells had indicated
elevated levels of coliform bacteria, nitrates and herbicides
in some areas.
The League's
three brochures have been well received by county residents and
have been used by the county planning department. Residents as
well as those working in fields related to groundwater protection
and land-use planning have been especially enthusiastic about
the pamphlet focusing on the effect of geology on groundwater.
"Where Does Your Well Water Come From?" shows how groundwater
can be impacted in specific areas—from mountain ridge to
stream valley. The other brochures provided information on private
wells and septic systems and community wells. The League worked
closely with Penn State Cooperative Extension Service on the project,
and a county agent usually assisted with presentations. Since
the project's conclusion, the League has joined a coalition organized
by the Extension office to develop a management strategy to deal
with volumes of manure accumulating from chicken operations recently
established in the area.
For more
information, contact:
Elizabeth Marsh, Ph.D.
P.O. Box 484
Lewisburg, PA 17837
717-523- 1104 (W)
The LWV
of Louisiana focused on two problems in the state: the
need for small community water systems to receive information on
groundwater protection strategies, and the lack of coordination
and communication between agencies with groundwater responsibilities.
Nine principal sand and gravel aquifers, ranging in depth from 100
to 3,500 feet, provide water to about two-thirds of the state's
population. Some communities have been warned not to use their water
because of animal or human waste contamination, although notifications
have not always been timely. Other threats to groundwater include
underground fuel storage tanks, solid and hazardous waste landfills,
farming operations, injection wells, improper sewage treatment and
sewer discharges. The League held an all-day, two-track groundwater
symposium. One track focused on technical and financial assistance
for technicians and operators of larger water systems, and the other
was geared toward directors and operators of small community water
systems and the public. Presenters included water resource specialists
from federal, state, regional and local agencies, representatives
of a rural water association and a media representative. The League
sent announcements to elected officials, state agencies, planners,
water board members and directors, farmers, environmentalists, industry
representatives, students, citizens and League members, and contacted
more than 180 radio and television stations and newspapers across
the state. A videotape of the forum has been aired, unedited, in
two segments on the local cable channel, and is available for presentation
to groups.
For more
information, contact:
Clara Baudoin
Rt. 1, Box 415
Carencro, LA 70520
318-896-8894 (H) or 318-234-2351 (W)
The LWV
of Oregon focused on the state's only designated sole-source
aquifer, the North Florence Dunal Aquifer. Located on the coast
near the town of Florence, the aquifer is composed of relatively
uniform, permeable sand and underlain by an impermeable sand-clay
layer. Porous sandy soils overlie the aquifer. Periodic studies
have indicated that improperly operating septic drain fields threaten
to contaminate the aquifer and have called for controlling the
use of septic tanks and restricting land development. In 1991
local property owners filed two lawsuits against the state Department
of Environmental Quality and the local water district for failing
to issue water withdrawal or septic permits. When the League's
project began, passions were running high, with development interests
on one side and environmental protection interests on the other.
The League published a booklet containing historical background,
site specific geologic information, a description of the aquifer
and watershed, drinking water providers, contamination problems,
protection measures and a chart of "who's in charge." The League
mailed the booklet to every postal patron in the town of Florence
before a series of public meetings, including a major public forum
that brought together opposing sides of the controversy and agency
personnel to discuss the issues. The League's efforts helped reestablish
communication and provided the opportunity for meaningful discussion.
For more
information, contact:
Mary Ann Rombach
85782 Parkway Rd.
Pleasant Hill, OR 97455
503-726-6297
The LWV
of Pierce-St. Croix Counties, Wisconsin organized two
groundwater forums to provide information about local concerns.
The geology of this agricultural region is highly soluble limestone
bedrock with numerous sinkholes and caverns, which provide direct
conduits for surface contaminants to reach the groundwater. Some
of the sinkholes have been used as dumping grounds for garbage.
There have been instances of groundwater contamination from farmyard
runoff and agricultural chemicals, as well. The League's public
forums featured presentations by a panel of local officials and
experts. Both forums were broadcast live on public access television.
Videotapes of the forums were aired several times in the following
weeks, and copies of the tapes were distributed to other public
access stations in adjacent counties. A groundwater model purchased
by the League generated a great deal of interest at both the Pierce
and St. Croix county fairs. League members staffed the display,
educating the public on groundwater protection. The League also
purchased the drinking water video Quality On Tap from the LWV
of Michigan and a slide program from Cornell University, for use
in presentations. These resources were loaned to area schools,
as well.
For more
information, contact:
Rita Kozak, Ph.D.
Land Use Planning
W7843 810th Avenue
River Falls, Wl 54022
or
Ellen Denzer
County Planner
St. Croix County
Hudson, Wl 54016
715-386-4673
The LWV
of Red Wing, Minnesota organized a groundwater forum
to enable officials and citizens to learn about and discuss regional
problems and concerns. The region's "karst" limestone aquifer
is vulnerable to contamination from agricultural and residential
chemicals, stormwater runoff and underground storage tanks. A
nearby town had to install a new well because of contamination
from nitrates. Abandoned wells are of particular concern to bankers
and realtors in the area because "well disclosure" forms must
be completed before a property can be transferred. The League's
groundwater forum featured representatives of the state Department
of Natural Resources, the county Land Use Management Agency, the
state Department of Health and the county Extension Office. The
audience included county and state officials as well as interested
residents. The League also staffed groundwater education exhibits
at several area fairs, gave presentations to local organizations,
and surveyed public knowledge of groundwater issues. Over the
course of the project, in planning meetings and other discussions,
the League facilitated communication between various agencies
and jurisdictions with responsibility for groundwater protection.
For some, the League's project was their first occasion to meet
and work together. After attending an LWVEF groundwater workshop,
the Red Wing project manager, who is also an assistant county
attorney for Goodhue County, assisted in the preparation of the
county wellhead protection ordinance. Following adoption of the
ordinance she has been involved in its enforcement.
For more
information, contact:
Carol Lee
1806 Pioneer Road, Apt. 216
Red Wing, MN 55066
612-388-0687 (H) or 612-385-3018 (W)
LWV
of Rockford, Illinois
Click here for profile.
For more
information, contact:
Ruth Roth
3406 McFarland Road
Rockford, IL 61114
815-877-4289
The LWV
of Salt Lake, Utah, in cooperation with the Utah Environment
Center, sponsored a day-long workshop on groundwater protection
featuring officials from state and local agencies. Utah, the second
driest state in the country, has aquifers composed of basin-fill
deposits, sandstone and carbonate rocks. The Salt Lake Valley
has the highest population density in the state and is among the
fastest-growing areas in the country. The valley has approximately
120 identified hazardous waste sites and several Superfund sites.
Leaking underground storage tanks are another concern. Home development
has taken place on the recharge areas (primarily on the east and
west margins of the valley), despite a regional plan to protect
these areas. Groundwater provides a little less than half of the
water supply statewide. Salt Lake Valley relies on groundwater
for approximately one-fifth of its total water supply.
In addition
to the groundwater workshop, the League also conducted tours of
hazardous waste sites and the region's wellhead protection area,
and produced a manual on groundwater issues in the Salt Lake Valley
and in the state. Over the course of the project the League developed
or strengthened working relationships with a broad base of local,
state and federal agencies, community groups and the state university.
The Utah Bureau of Water Pollution Control cosponsored the League's
groundwater project, and the League worked with Utah State University
Agricultural Extension and others to develop a citizen's groundwater
questionnaire. The League continued to work with the state Division
of Water Quality on mapping wellhead areas in the valley and worked
with Salt Lake Valley Recycling to integrate groundwater protection
with solid waste management.
For more
information, contact:
June Wickham
c/o LWV of Salt Lake
3804 Highland Drive, Suite 9
Salt Lake City, UT 84106
801-484-3132(H) or 801-272-8683 (L)
LWV
of San Antonio Area and LWV
of San Marcos Area, Texas
Click here for profile.
For more
information, contact:
Danielle Milam
13 Harriet
San Antonio, TX 78216
210-828-3960
or
Kaylene Ray
705 Mountain View
San Marcos, TX 78666
512-353-3595 (H) or 512-353-3399 (W)
The LWV
of Tucson, Arizona produced a videotape in both Spanish
and English encouraging recycling and proper disposal of household
hazardous waste to keep toxics from being disposed in area landfills
and help safeguard future water supplies. Currently, leaking landfills
threaten the city's sole-source aquifer. The project targeted
Tucson's Hispanic community, which had relatively low rates of
participation in the Pima County/City of Tucson Household Hazardous
Waste Collection Program. An advisory committee with representatives
from the Hispanic community helped guide the overall development
of the project and the narrative approach used in the video. Students
and teachers at Pueblo High School in Tucson's south side Hispanic
neighborhood helped in writing the script, acting and producing
the video. Videos were provided upon requests to the Pima County
Department of Environmental Quality to incorporate into ongoing
environmental education programs, as well as to the City/County
Household Hazardous Waste Program for outreach projects to the
Spanish-speaking populations in the community.
For more
information, contact:
Marie Lynn Hunken
1771 East Entrade Doce
Tucson, AZ 85718
602-577- 1672
or
Lois Kulakowski
7541 E. Knollwood Place
Tucson, AZ 85718
602-298-4851
The LWV
of Volusia County, Florida sponsored a groundwater
symposium featuring the director of the county's department of
environmental management, a representative of the state department
of environmental regulation and other groundwater experts. League
representatives gave talks on groundwater protection to environmental
and citizen's action groups throughout the county and staffed
a groundwater exhibit at the county's largest shopping mall, the
county fair, the local Earth Day celebration and other events.
The county's primary contamination concerns are leaking underground
gasoline storage tanks and a closed landfill. In addition, pressures
have mounted to develop new municipal well fields in the county
to meet growing demands for water from coastal cities, where salt-water
intrusion is occurring.
The League
compiled factsheets, informational brochures and other materials
and assembled 2,500 groundwater information kits to distribute
to county residents. The kits contain information on the county's
dependence on a sole-source aquifer, tips on how to conserve water,
information on types of businesses that may threaten water quality,
a water awareness test and other information. The League distributed
the kits through all chambers of commerce in the county and placed
them in the reference section of all area libraries, and the county's
groundwater program manager agreed to distribute the kits at speaking
engagements. Following the official close of the project, the
League continued to distribute the groundwater kits and discuss
groundwater protection at other functions, such as a regional
environmental exposition.
For more
information, contact:
Rosemary Hutchins
2449 Otis Avenue
Deltona, FL 32738
904-789-4844
LWV
of Washington
Click here for profile.
For more
information, contact:
Betty Talbutt
3213 Cove Lane, NW
Olympia, WA 98502
206-866-1592 (H) or 206-357-6548 (W)
The LWV
of West Bay, Rhode Island, kicked off its project with
a public event featuring speakers from state and local government,
the media and a nonprofit citizen's group, and a slide show presentation.
The communities—Coventry, East Greenwich, North Kingstown,
Warwick and West Warwick—rely partly or entirely on groundwater
supplied by five aquifers, including one declared a sole-source
aquifer. The project's goals were to increase the awareness and
understanding of residents and public officials of groundwater
quality issues and to encourage cooperative approaches between
citizens and officials for the protection and maintenance of groundwater
quality. The enthusiasm of the speakers and prominent press coverage
of the kick-off event prompted immediate requests for presentations.
Presentation request forms sent to those who attended the kick-off
also generated requests. The League delivered slide show presentations
and distributed educational materials to numerous organizations
in the West Bay, Hunt Aquifer watershed area, and constructed
a large, three-dimensional groundwater model which was displayed
at festivals, libraries, schools, and public meetings. The project
was later replicated by the Homeowner Demonstration Project in
the adjacent Pawcatuck watershed.
For more
information, contact:
Lori Barber
203 Arcadia Road
Hope Valley, Rl 02832
401-539-0798 (H) or 401-539-9017 (W)
Back to top
Appendix
B:
Sources of Groundwater Contamination
Category
I -
Source designed to discharge substances
- Subsurface
percolation (e.g., septic tanks and cesspools)
- Injection
Wells
- Hazardous
waste
- Nonhazardous
waste (e.g., brine disposal and drainage)
- Nonwaste
(e.g., enhanced recovery, artificial recharge, solution
mining, and in-situ mining)
- Land application
- Waste
water (e.g., spray irrigation)
- Wastewater
byproducts (e.g., sludge)
- Hazardous
waste
- Nonhazardous
waste
Category
II -
Sources designed to store, treat, and/or dispose of substance;
discharge through unplanned release
- Landfills
- Industrial
hazardous waste
- Industrial
nonhazardous waste
- Municipal
sanitary
- Open dumps,
including illegal dumping (waste)
- Residential
(or local) disposal (waste)
- Surface
impoundments
- Hazardous
waste
- Nonhazardous
waste
- Waste
tailings
- Waste
piles
- Hazardous
waste
- Nonhazardous
waste
- Materials
stockpiles (nonwaste)
- Graveyards
- Animal
burial
- Above
ground storage tanks
- Hazardous
waste
- Nonhazardous
waste
- Nonwaste
- Underground
storage tanks
- Hazardous
waste
- Nonhazardous
waste
- Nonwaste
- Containers
- Hazardous
waste
- Nonhazardous
waste
- Nonwaste
- Open burning
and detonation sites
- Radioactive
disposal sites
Category
III -
Sources designed to retain substances during transport or transmission
- Pipelines
- Hazardous
waste
- Nonhazardous
waste
- Nonwaste
- Materials
transport and transfer operations
- Hazardous
waste
- Nonhazardous
waste
Category
IV -
Sources discharging substances as consequences of other planned
activities
- Irrigation
practices (e.g., returned flow)
- Pesticide
applications
- Fertilizer
applications
- Animal
feeding operations
- De-icing
salt applications
- Urban
runoff
- Percolations
of atmospheric pollutants
- Mining
and mine drainage
- Surface
mine-related
- Underground
mine-related
Category
V -
Sources providing conduit or inducing discharge through altered
flow patterns
- Production
wells
- Oil
(and) gas wells
- Geothermal
and heat recovery wells
- Water
supply wells
- Other
wells (nonwaste)
- Monitoring
wells
- Exploration
wells
- Construction
excavation
Category
VI -
Naturally occurring sources whose discharge is created and/or
exacerbated by human activity
- Groundwater
- surface water interactions
- Natural
leaching
- Salt-water
intrusion / brackish water upcoming (or intrusion of other poor-quality
natural water)
Sources are
categorized based on the nature of their release of substances
to groundwater. OTA notes that these categories are for the convenience
of discussion and that other categorization schemes are possible.
Source: Office
of Technology Assessment, Protecting the Nation's Groundwater
from Contamination, October 1984.
Back to top
Appendix
C:
General Roles/Duties/Authorities
Use this table
to develop a contact list for individuals and agencies responsible
for various aspects of groundwater protection in your area.
| Program/Component |
Local |
State |
Federal |
a) Wellhead protection
components |
|
|
|
b) Underground storage
tanks |
|
|
|
c)Injection wells
(e.g., dry wells) |
|
|
|
| d) Stormwater runoff |
|
|
|
e) Critical materials
(storage and use of chemicals) |
|
|
|
f) Hazardous waste
(e.g., RCRA) |
|
|
|
g) Ag practices and
ag storage tanks |
|
|
|
h) Septic system
program |
|
|
|
| i) Solid waste |
|
|
|
j) Technical info
collection (baseline)
and interpretation
(sampling, mapping,
analysis, interpretation) |
|
|
|
| k) Other |
|
|
|
Back to top
Appendix
D:
Data Collection Form
Local/State/Federal
Management Status
Use this table
to develop a profile of the management status of groundwater in
your area. Make three copies, one for each level of government.
Program/
Component |
Planned
for |
Program
Established |
Info
&
Advice |
Regulation |
Enforcement |
a) Wellhead
protection
components |
|
|
|
|
|
b) Underground storage
tanks |
|
|
|
|
|
c) Injection
wells
(e.g., dry wells) |
|
|
|
|
|
d) Stormwater
runoff |
|
|
|
|
|
e) Critical materials
(storage and
use of chemicals) |
|
|
|
|
|
f) Hazardous waste
(e.g., RCRA) |
|
|
|
|
|
g) Ag practices and
ag storage tanks |
|
|
|
|
|
h) Septic system
program |
|
|
|
|
|
| i) Solid waste |
|
|
|
|
|
j) Technical info
collection (baseline)
and interpretation
(sampling, mapping,
analysis, interpretation) |
|
|
|
|
|
| k) Other |
|
|
|
|
|
Back to top
Appendix
E:
Resources
Publications
Citizen
Action: An Ounce of Prevention. A Citizen's Series on Leaking
Underground Storage Tanks Part II, Environmental Defense
Fund. (Part I of this series is almost out of print; EDF recommends
ordering only part 11, which incorporates information from part
1.) Available for $2.50 (includes shipping). To order, contact
Lois Epstein, P.E., Environmental Defense Fund, 1875 Connecticut
Avenue, NW, Suite 1016, Washington, DC 20009, 202-387-3500.
Citizen's
Guide to Ground-Water Protection, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, (#440/6-90-004) April 1990. Free booklet from
the Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, USEPA, Mail Code
4602, 401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460, 202-260-7077.
Crosscurrents:
The Water We Drink, League of Women Voters Education
Fund, 1986. This survey of drinking water utilities and state
officials conducted by the LWVEF reports perspectives on implementing
and enforcing the 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act.
Available for $4.95 ($3.95 for members) and $1.00 shipping and
handling from the League of Women Voters, 1730 M Street, NW, Washington,
DC 20036, 202-429-1965.
Groundwater:
A Community Action Guide, Concern, Inc., 1989, defines
groundwater, the basic issues surrounding its use and misuses,
and the need for comprehensive management. This is currently out
of print. Concern, Inc. has a new publication, Drinking Water,
available for $4.00 and $1.50 shipping and handling. To order,
contact Concern, Inc., 1794 Columbia Road, NW, Washington, DC,
20009, 202-328-8160.
Groundwater
and Public Policy Series, Groundwater Policy Education
Project. A series of 17 educational leaflets on rural groundwater
quality produced by the Groundwater Policy Education Project,
a joint effort of Cooperative Extension, Freshwater Foundation
and Soil and Water Conservation Society, published by the Freshwater
Foundation, $15. To order contact the Freshwater Foundation, Spring
Hill Center, 725 County Road 6, Wayzata, Minnesota 55391, 612-449-0092.
Groundwater
Contamination, Groundwater Bulletin No. 2, by Lyle
S. Raymond Jr., Water Resources Institute, Center for the Environment,
Cornell University. Illustrated, nontechnical pamphlet explaining
groundwater contamination, available for $1.35 from the Resource
Center, 7 Business and Technology Park, Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY 14850, 607-255-2080.
Groundwater
Education in America's Schools: A Catalog of Resource Materials
for Elementary and Secondary Education. This comprehensive
bibliography is available in exchange for a self-addressed 9x12
envelope with $2 postage from the American Groundwater Trust,
6375 Riverside Drive, Dublin, OH 43017-3536, 614-761-2215.
Groundwater
Poster, League of Women Voters Education Fund, 1992.
This colorful, 17" x 22" poster with the message "Look Out Below-
Protect Your Groundwater" suggests four simple ways for citizens
to get involved in protecting groundwater. Available for $4.99
($3.99 for members) and $1.00 shipping and handling from the League
of Women Voters, 1730 M Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036, 202-4291965.
Groundwater
Reference Guide, by M. Elizabeth Perlin, Kathryn Parker,
and Linda Helstowski, 1991. Available for free from Groundwater
Education in Michigan (GEM), Michigan State University Institute
of Water Research, 115 Manly Miles Building, 1405 South Harrison
Road, East Lansing, Ml 48824, 517-353-3742.
How-To
Manual For Ground Water Protection Projects, by Lillian
Smith Madarchik, 1992. Developed by the Retired Senior Volunteer
Program (RSVP), this manual contains step-by-step instructions
on planning, recruiting volunteers and taking field inventories,
as well as media information and sample handout materials. Manual
is available free from the El Paso RSVP Office, Two Civic Center
Plaza, El Paso, TX 79901-1196, 915-541-4474, or from Dave Terry,
Texas Water Commission, 512-463-8266.
Last
But Not Least: Leaking Above Ground Storage Tanks - Threats, Costs
and Answers, by Lois Epstein, P.E., Environmental Defense
Fund, 1993. A report in support of the need for federal regulation
to protect groundwater from leaking above ground storage tanks.
Available for $10.00 from Environmental Defense Fund, 1875 Connecticut
Avenue, NW, Suite 1016, Washington, DC 20009, 202-387-3500.
Last
Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity, by Sandra Postel, the
Worldwatch Environmental Alert Series, Linda Starke, Series Editor;
W.W. Norton & Co., New York and London, 1992. Discusses threats
of increasing water scarcity around the world, caused in large
part by waste and mismanagement, and proposes steps to more efficiently
manage and conserve this finite resource. Available for $9.95
plus $3 shipping and handling from the Worldwatch Institute, 1776
Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20036, 202-452-1999.
Local
Groundwater Protection, by Martin Jaffe and Frank Dinovo,
1987. Although primarily intended to alert and educate planners
about the need to consider groundwater protection in planning
decisions, this book can be used by a much wider audience. It
includes a discussion of the use and occurrence of groundwater
in the United States, the legal framework for groundwater protection
and groundwater protection planning. Available for $48.95 and
$7.00 shipping and handling from American Planning Association,
1313 East 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637, 312-955-9100.
Making
Waves: How To Put On A Water Festival, by Amy Kiliham,
The Groundwater Foundation (formerly Nebraska Groundwater Foundation),
1993. This manual provides guidance on how to stage a water festival
to educate children and adults on water issues. It is based on
The Groundwater Foundation's successful experience in staging
its Children's Groundwater Festival since 1989. Available for
$12.00 from The Groundwater Foundation, P.O. Box 22558, Lincoln,
NE 68542^2558, 1-800858-4844.
Nebraska
Children's Groundwater Festival Outreach Packet, by
Paula Porter, The Groundwater Foundation (formerly Nebraska Groundwater
Foundation), 1993. Contains teacher materials, lesson plans, student
worksheets and resources developed from The Groundwater Foundation's
5 years' experience with staging its successful Children's Groundwater
Festival. Available for $12.00 from The Groundwater Foundation,
P.O. Box 22558, Lincoln, NE 68542-2558, 1-800-858-4844.
The
Poisoned Well: New Strategies for Groundwater Protection,
Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund, Eric P. Jorgensen, editor; Island
Press, Washington, DC and Covela, CA, 1989. This book focuses
on how citizens can use federal laws and programs to protect groundwater
supplies and clean up local contamination problems. It also reviews
federal, state and local groundwater protection programs. Available
for $19.95 and $4.25 shipping and handling from Island Press,
P.O. Box 7, Covelo, CA 95428, 1 -800-828- 1302.
Protecting
Local Ground-Water Supplies Through Wellhead Protection,
United States Environmental Agency, 1991 (#570/9-91-007). This
free EPA booklet describes a five-step process for protecting
local groundwater supplies. For a copy, contact your regional
EPA office or call 1-800-426-4791.
Reinventing
Refineries - A Community Guide to Preventing Pollution At Oil
Refineries, by Lois Epstein, P.E., Environmental Defense
Fund and Matthew Wiener, Citizens for a Better Environment, 1994.
This guide will be published in January, 1994. For more information,
contact Environmental Defense Fund, 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW,
Suite 1016, Washington, DC 20009, 202-387-3500.
Safety
on Tap: A Citizen's Drinking Water Guide, League of
Women Voters Education Fund, 1987, discusses the sources of drinking
water, the types of human activities that may result in contamination,
how a typical treatment plant works and the requirements of the
federal Safe Drinking Water Act, including the 1986 amendments.
It includes guest articles from those who manage, treat and protect
tap water. Available for $7.95 ($5.95 for members), plus $3.00
shipping and handling, from the League of Women Voters, 1730 M
St., NW, Washington, DC 20036, 202-429-1965.
U.S.
Water News, a monthly newspaper that periodically includes
a section on groundwater, is co-published by U.S. Water News,
Inc. and the Freshwater Foundation. $49/year, $89/two years. Mail
inquiries and subscriptions to U.S. Water News, 230 Main Street,
Halstead, KS 67056, or call 316-835-2222.
What
Is Groundwater? Groundwater Bulletin No. 1, by Lyle
S. Raymond Jr., Water Resources Institute, Center for the Environment,
Cornell University. Nontechnical pamphlet explains the basics
of groundwater with many illustrations. Available for $1.00 from
the Resource Center, 7 Business and Technology Park, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY 14850, 607-255-2080.
Videos
Cleaning
Up Toxics at Home and Cleaning Up Toxics in Business,
League of Women Voters of California, 1990, give simple and practical
tips to reduce toxics use at home and in small businesses. These
two award-winning 25 minute videos are useful for community meetings,
schools, libraries and for broadcast/cablecast. Prices for LWV
members are $25 for one video, $40 for both. For non-LWV individuals
the prices are $29.95 for one, $49.95 for both. For institutions,
$59.95 for one, $99.95 for both. For shipping and handling include
$4.95 for one video and $3 for each additional video. Order from
The Video Project, 5332 College Ave., Suite 101, Oakland, CA 94618,
800-6559050.
Drinking
Water: Quality on Tap, League of Women Voters of Michigan,
1991, is a complete educational program on drinking water quality.
Video package comes with a study guide to stimulate discussion
and 100 informational brochures for handouts. Available for $40
from the LWV of Michigan, 200 Museum Drive, Lansing Ml 48933,
517-484-5385.
The
Power To Protect: Three Stories About Groundwater,
Massachusetts Audubon Society, 1990. This excellent 32-minute
video shows how three New England communities organized to protect
their groundwater. The video, along with a workbook, is available
for $25 from the Massachusetts Audubon Society, Educational Resources
Office, 208 South Great Road, Lincoln, MA 01733, 617-259-9500,
ext. 7255.
Groundwater Flow Models
lowa
State University. $400, unassembled, with instructional
videotape and packet of groundwater information. $460 fully assembled
with carrying case. Order from Rick Cruse, SWCS Student Chapter,
3212 Agronomy Hall, lowa State University, Ames, IA 50011; 515-294-3772.
University
of Nebraska. $350; includes shipping and carrying case
(required if model is shipped). $300 without case (model must
be picked up). Can make some region-specific modifications. Order
from DeLynn R. Hay, 249 L.W. Chase Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,
East Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726; 402-472-1625.
University
of Wisconsin. $250 plus $10 shipping. Region-specific
modifications cost extra. Order from Groundwater Model Project,
College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens
Point, Stevens Point, Wl 54481; 715-346-4618.
Western
Michigan University. $195 plus $20 in-state shipping
or $30 out-of-state shipping. Can make some region specific-modifications.
Order from Richard Passero, Groundwater
Education
in Michigan, Institute for Water Resources, 3327 Rood
Hall, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo Ml 49008; 616-387-5502.
Groundwater
Model Demonstration Videotape (15 min.) shows how to
operate and maintain a groundwater model; $15 from Water Watchers,
LWV of Enid, 1722 E. Maple, Enid, OK 73701; 405-242-5012.
Organizations
Concern,
Inc., 1794 Columbia Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20009,
202-328-8160. Concern provides environmental information to individuals
and groups and encourages them to act in their communities. Concern
publishes concise reports defining key environmental issues and
containing suggestions for individual and group action, organizes
workshops, conferences and exhibits and undertakes other educational
activities.
Environmental
Defense Fund, 257 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010,
212-505-2100. A national research, education and advocacy organization,
EDF has conducted research on leaking storage tanks and works
on public policy issues including wetlands, restoration of the
Everglades and reauthorization of the Clean Water Act. EDF has
offices in seven states and the District of Columbia.
Farm-A-Syst,
Steenbock Library, Room B142, 550 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wl 53706,
608262-0024. Farm-A-Syst is a volunteer program to help farmers
and rural residents on private wells conduct water pollution risk
assessments and develop an action plan to reduce the risks identified.
The program is under way in 22 states and in the planning stages
in others. In fall 1993 the program started work on a Home-A-Syst
program to serve nonfarm private well users in the northeast.
Freshwater
Foundation, Spring Hill Center, 725 County Road Six,
Wayzata, MN 55391 pursues the protection of freshwater resources
through educational programs, resource management, demonstration
projects and freshwater research. Since 1985 the foundation has
been a partner in U.S. Water News (see publications).
Freshwater
Institute, The Conservation Fund, P.O. Box 1746, Shepherdstown,
WV 25443, (304) 876-2815. Freshwater Institute is a program of
The Conservation Fund, a national nonprofit land and water conservation
organization. The institute explores practical, innovative approaches
to the protection, conservation and use of our nation's fresh
water resources.
Friends
of the Earth, 1025 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 300, Washington
DC 20005, 202-783 7400, is an international environmental organization
that works on a range of public policy issues. FOE works to protect
groundwater through influencing federal legislation, providing
technical assistance to local groups, and holding a biennial citizen's
groundwater conference. FOE has offices in Seattle, Washington
and the District of Columbia, as well as 51 international affiliates.
The
Groundwater Foundation (formerly Nebraska Groundwater
Foundation), P.O. Box 22558, Lincoln, NE 68502-0558, 402-434-2740.
Dedicated to educating a broad and diverse audience about the
conservation and manage ment of groundwater, the foundation sponsors
an annual Children's Groundwater Festival, produces a quarterly
newsletter, The Aquifer, and holds an annual groundwater symposium
each fall, among other programs.
The
Urban Institute, 2100 M Street, NW, Washington, DC,
20037, 202-833-7200. The Urban Institute is a nonprofit, nonpartisan
policy research organization that works on a range of public interest
issues including groundwater protection. The institute has produced
"Suggestions For State and Local Groundwater Protection Programs,"
a series of publications providing guidance on accessing information,
encouraging local efforts and encouraging business and public
involvement in ground water protection. Write or call for more
information.
Water
Education Foundation, 717 K Street, Suite 517, Sacramento,
CA 95814, 916-4446240. The Water Education Foundation focuses
primarily on water issues of the western United States, developing
and implementing educational programs to promote a broader understanding
of water issues and the resolution of water problems. The foundation
publishes Western Water, a bimonthly magazine.
Water
Environment Federation, 601 Wythe Street, Alexandria,
VA 22314-1994, 703-6842492. The Water Environment Federation is
an international nonprofit educational and technical organization,
with more than 40,000 water quality experts whose mission is to
preserve and enhance water quality worldwide.
Government
Agencies
U.S.
Department of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service.
Field offices of the Cooperative Extension Service are listed
in the white pages of your phone book under county government
listings. For the federal level, contact Joseph Wysocki, USDA
Extension Service, Home Economics and Human Nutrition, Ag. Box
0925, Washington, DC 20250-0925, 202-720-8489.
U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground Water and Drinking
Water, 401 M Street, SW, Mail Code 4602, Washington,
DC 20460, 202-260-7077.
U.S.
Geological Survey, National Water Information Clearinghouse,
423 National Center, Reston, VA 22092-0001, 800-426-9000. The
clearinghouse provides federal water data, literature abstracts
and general water information.
Back
to top
Manual
Index
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1: Getting Started
Chapter 2: Researching and Developing
information
Chapter 3: Development and Distribution
of Materials
Chapter 4: Public Meetings,
Forums and Workshops
Chapter
5: Publicity
Chapter 6: Fundraising
Chapter 7: Keeping It Going
Case
Study 1: Well Survey Builds Commitment to Groundwater
Case Study 2: "Training the Trainers" Keeps Protection Efforts
Moving
Case Study 3: Video Illuminates
Major Groundwater Issues in County
Case Study 4: Building
Coalitions Across County Lines
Appendix A: League Community Groundwater Education
Projects
Appendix B: Sources of Groundwater Contamination
Appendix C: Data Collection Form: General Roles/Duties/Authorities
Appendix D: Data Collection Form: Local/State/Federal
Management Status
Appendix E: Resources
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