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Topics: Community

Community Building, continued
Coming of Age

Index

Preface
Executive Summary
Chpt 1: Context & Convergence
Chpt 2: Themes of the New Community Building
Chpt 3: Supporting Broader Applications of Effective Community Building
Appendix, Notes

Contents

Appendix, Notes

Appendix: Community Building Series Panelists and Staff

Garland Allen , Office of Policy Development and Research, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.

Patricia Arnaudo, Office of Resident Initiatives, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.

Catherine Bessant, Senior Vice President, Nation's Bank.

Angela Glover Blackwell, Vice President, the Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY.

Sheryll D. Cashin, Federal Empowerment Board, Washington, D.C.

Morton Coleman, University of Pittsburgh, School of Social Work,Pittsburgh, PA.

Angela Duran, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Washington, D.C.

Peter Edelman, Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.

Ronald Ferguson, John F. Kennedy School of Government, HarvardUniversity, Cambridge, MA.

Rodney Pernandez, Executive Director, Cabrillo Economic DevelopmentCorporation, Saticoy, CA.

Jane Fortson, Senior Fellow, Progress and Freedom Foundation,Washington, D.C.

David Garrison, Intergovernmental Affairs, Office of the Secretary, U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.

James O. Gibson, Senior Associate, the Urban Institute, and Director, D.C.Agenda Project, Washington, D.C.

Chet Hewitt, Program Officer, the Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY.

Sandra Jibrell, Associate Director, Annie E. Casey Foundation, Baltimore,MD.

James Johnson, PhD, Director, Kenan Center Urban Enterprise Corps/

Durham Scholar, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

G. Thomas Kingsley, Director, Center for Public Finance and Housing, theUrban Institute, Washington, D.C.

George Knight, Executive Director, Neighborhood ReinvestmentCorporation, Washington, D.C.

Joe McNeely, President, Development Training Institute, Inc., Baltimore,MD.

Jonathan Miller, Office of Congressman Joseph Kennedy, Washington, D.C.

Susan Motley, Senior Program Officer, John D. And Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, IL.

Gus Newport, Consultant, Oakland, CA.

Jeffrey Nugent, Vice President, Development Training Institute,Baltimore, MD.

George E. Peterson, Senior Fellow, The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C.

Ann Rosewater, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Washington, D.C.

James Scheibel, Vice President ar~d Director, AmericorpMSTA,Corporation for National Services, Washington, D.C.

Alice Shabecoff, Consultant, Chevy Chase, MD.

John Simmons, Office of Community Planning and Development, U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.

Michael Smith, Director, Department of Local Affairs, Governor'sCommunity Partnership Of fice, State of Colorado, Denver, CO.

Donald Sykes, Director, Office of Community Services, Washington, D.C.

Margery Austin Turner, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Research, U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.

Maria Valera, Research Assistant, the Urban Institute, Washington, D.C.

Kenneth C. Williams, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Grant Programs, Office of Community Planning and Development, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.

Garland Yates, Senior Program Associate, Annie E. Casey Foundation, Baltimore, MD.

Note: Titles reflect the positions participants held at the time of the project.

Notes

  1. This account is derived from Carol Steinbach, "Community Based Development Organizations: A New Industry Emerges" (draft paper prepared for Development Training Institute/Urban Institute Seminar Series on community building, October 1995).
  2. Documented by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler in Reinventing Government(NewYork: Plume, 1992, 59-65).
  3. This account is drawn from the Baltimore Citizens Planning and Housing Association Training Manual (Baltimore: Citizens Planning and Housing Association, 1995).
  4. Documented in Pratt Institute Center for Community and Environmental Development, CDC Profiles (Community Development Corporation Oral Histor. y Project, New York, NY: Pratt Institute Center for Community and Environmental Development, June 1995).
  5. Sources include: OMG, Inc., Second Annual Assessment Report: Comprehensive Community Revitalization Program in the South Bronx (New York, NY: Comprehensive Community Revitalization Program, June 1995); Xavier de Souza Briggs, Anita Miller, and John Shapiro, "Planning for Community Building: CCRP in the South Bronx," Planners' Casebook (Chicago IL: American Institute of Certified Planners, Winter 1996); Mitchell Sviridoff and William Ryan, "Investing in Community: Lessons and Implications of the Comprehensive Community Revitalization Program" (draft paper, January 1996).
  6. William J. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987). For amplification, see Adele V. Harrell and George E. Peterson, eds., Crime, Drugs, and Social Isolatzon: Barriers to Urban Opportunity (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press, 1992).
  7. Ronald B. Mincy and Susan J. Weiner, "The Underclass in the 1980s: Changing Concept, Constant Reality" (Research Paper, Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, July 1993).
  8. See, for example, Adele V. Harrell and George E. Peterson, eds., Crime, Drugs, and Social Isolation: Barriers to Urban Opportunity (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press, 1992).
  9. Lisbeth B. Schorr, Within Our Reach: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage (with Daniel Schorr, New York, NY: Anchor Press Doubleday, 1988,31).
  10. John P. Kretzmann and John L. McKnight, Building Communities from the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing CommunityAssets (Evanston, IL: Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research, Northwestern University, 1993).
  11. Lisbeth B. Schorr, Within Our Reach: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage, xvii.
  12. . Ibid.
  13. The survey entailed interviews with a representative sample of Boston households (excluding college students and other households with no member between 18 and 60 years of age; 16,916 households were contacted and participated in brief screening interviews, and 1,968 were interviewed in more depth. Paul Osterman was the Chief Investigator responsible for survey design and implementation. The results are documented in Boston Persistent Poverty Project, In the Midst of Plenty: A Profile of Boston and Its Poor (Boston, MA: The Boston Foundation, December, 1989).
  14. Steve Farkas and Jean Johnson, The Values We Live By: WhatAmericans Want from Welfare Reform (Washington, DC: The Public Agenda, 1996).
  15. Frank F. Furstenberg, Jr., "How Families Manage Risk and Opportunity in Dangerous Neighborhoods." In William J. Wilson, ea., Sociology and the Public Agenda. (Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1993.)
  16. James Coleman, "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital." American Journal of Sociology (Supplement) 94, S95-S210, 1988, and The Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990,300-321.
  17. Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1993,65-78.
  18. Peter L. Berger and Richard John Nenhaus, To Empower People: From State to Civil Society. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute Press, 1996.
  19. Peter B. Edelman, "Dealing With Race and Ethnicity in Urban Change Strategies." In American Writing Corporation, ea., Building Strong Communities: Strategies for Change ( Conference Report) (Cleveland, OH: Annie E. Casey, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations, 1992).
  20. National Congress for Community Economic Development, Against All Odds: The Achievements of Community Based Development Organizations (Washington, DC: National Congress for Community Economic Development, 1989)
  21. The story of the CDCs and related intermediaries is documented in Neal R. Pierce and Carol F. Steinbach, Corrective Capitalism: The Rise of America's Community Development Corporations (New York, NY: Ford Foundation, 1987), Avis C. Vidal, Rebuilding Communities: A National Study of Urban Community Development Corporations (New York, NY: Graduate School of Management and Urban Policy, New School for Social Research, 1992), and Christopher Walker, et al., The Status and Prospects of the Nonprof t Housing Sector (Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, April 1995).
  22. Walker et al., 1995.
  23. Mitchell Svirdoff, "The Seeds of Urban Revival." The Public Interest, Winter 1994,82-103.
  24. Walker et al., 1995.
  25. See, for example, Henry G. Cisneros, Higher Ground: Faith Communities and Community Building (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, February 1996).
  26. Texas IAF Network, Texas IAF Network. Vision, Values, Action (Austin, TX Texas IAF Network, 1990).
  27. The model for the movement was Toynbee Hall in London's East Side Slum, founded by Rev. Samuel Barnett, which was visited by those who transported the idea to the United States; most prominently, Jane Addams of Hull House in Chicago, and Stanton Coit, of Neighborhood Guild (now University Settlement), in New York. Rollie Smith, "Community Building in Settlement Houses" (draft paper prepared for Development Training Institute/Urban Institute Seminar Series on community building, March 1996).
  28. See P.R. Popple and L.H. Leighninger, Social Work, Social Welfare, and American Society (Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1990), A. K. Johnson, "Linking Professionalism and Community Organization: A Scholar/Advocate Approach" (Journal of Community Practice, Binghamton, NY: Hayworth Press, 1994), and B. Weissbourd, "A Brief History of Family Support Programs" (S. L. Kagan, D. R. Powell, B. Weissbourd, and E. F. Zigler, eds., American Family Support Programs Perspectives and Prospects, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987).
  29. M. Leiterman and J. Stillman, Building Community (New York, NY: Local Initiatives Support Corporation, 1993).
  30. Rollie Smith, "Community Building in Settlement Houses" (draft paper prepared for Development Training Institute/Urban Institute Seminar Series on community building, March 1996).
  31. Elena Cohen, Theodora Ooms, and John Hutchings, Comprehensive Community-Building Initiatives: A Strategy to Strengthen Family Capital. (Background Briefing Report. Washington, D.C.: Family Impact Seminar, 1996.)
  32. Dan A. Lewis, "Crime and Community: Continuities, Contradictions, and Complexities" ( Cityscape, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2;2, 95-120, May 1996).
  33. The Annie E. Casey Foundation cities are Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Miami, and Washington DC. The Ford Foundation cities are Detroit, Hartford, Memphis and Milwaukee. The Rockefeller Foundation Program has operated in Boston, Cleveland, Denver, Oakland, San Antonio, and Washington, DC.
  34. Prudence Brown,"Comprehensive Neighborhood-Based Initiatives" (Cityscape, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2;2, 161-176, May 1996).
  35. See James P. Connel, Anne E. Kubisch, Lisbeth B. Schorr, and Carol H. Weiss, eds., New Approaches to Evaluating Community Initiatives: Concepts, Methods, and Contexts (Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute, 1995); and Aspen Roundtable, Voices From the Field: Learning From Comprehensive Community Initiatives. (Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute, 1996).
  36. . See The President's Community Enterprise Board, Building Communities Together: Guideboolfor Community-Based Strategic Planningfor Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, January 1994), and American Institute of Architects, Vision/Reality: The Consolidated Plan (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, March 1994).
  37. Arthur Naparstek, Dennis Dooley, and Robin Smith, Community Building in Public Housing: The Key to Sustainable Independence (Washington, DC: Aspen Systems Corporation and the Urban Institute, forthcoming). .
  38. Cleveland Foundation Commission on Poverty, The ClevelAnd CommunityBuilding Initiative: The Report and Recommendations of the Cleveland Foundation Commission on Poverty (Cleveland, OH: Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 1992).
  39. . Boston Persistent Poverty Project, To Make Our City Whole: A Report on the Work of the Strategy Development Group of the Boston Persistent Poverty Project (Boston: The Boston Foundation, February 1994).
  40. Minneapolis Neighborhood Revitalization Program, Building Community by Building Partnerships: The Minneapolis Neighborhood Revitalization Program Progress Report (Minneapolis, MN: City of Minneapolis, 1995).
  41. The cities in the network include: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Denver, Detroit, Hartford, Kansas City, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Memphis, Miami, Milwaukee, New York, Oakland, Philadelphia, Phoenix, San Antonio, San Juan, Savannah, and Washington, D.C.
  42. National Community Building Network, NCBN Overview (Oakland, CA: National Community Building Network, October 1996).
  43. Lisbeth B. Schorr, Within Our Reach: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage, 271-272.
  44. John P. Kretzmann and John L. McKnight, Building Communitiesfrom the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing Community Assets, 355-366.
  45. . Prudence Brown,"Comprehensive Neighborhood-Based Initiatives" (Cityscape, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2;2, 161-176, May 1996)
  46. See, for example, the discussion of the CCRP experience in Mitchell Sviridoff and William Ryan, "Investing in Community: Lessons and Implications of the Comprehensive Community Revitalization Program" (draft paper, January 1996).
  47. John P. Kretzmann and John L. McKnight, Building Communitiesirom the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing Community Assets.
  48. Cleveland Foundation Commission on Poverty, The Cleveland CommunityBuilding Initiative: The Report and Recommendations of the Cleveland Foundation Commission on Poverty (Cleveland: Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 1992). The cited study was Claudia J. Coulton, Julian Chow, and Shanta Pandey, Analysis of Poverty and Related Conditions in Cleveland Area Neighborhoods. (Cleveland: Center for Urban Poverty and Social Change, Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 1990).
  49. Henry G. Cisneros, Higher Ground: Faith Communities and Community Building (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, February 1996).
  50. Peter Marris with Maria Jackson, Strategy and Context: Reflections on the Community Planning and Action Program (New York, NY: The Rockefeller Foundation, March 1991).
  51. Curtis Johnson, "Renewing Community" (Special Section, Governin$ July 1995).
  52. Ibid.
  53. Minneapolis Neighborhood Revitalization Program, Building Community by Building Partnerships: The Minneapolis Neighborhood Revital*ation Program Progress Report (Minneapolis, MN: City of Minneapolis, 1995).
  54. . Joe Sexton, "Child Welfare Chief Provides a Glimpse at Decentralization" (New York Times, September 8, 1996).
  55. Allan D. Wallis, "The Third Wave: Current Trends in Regional Governance, National Civic Review, Summer-FaD 1994,290-309.
  56. Other accounts of the work of these coalitions and others are found in Neal R. Pierce, with Curtis Johnson and John Stuart Hall, Citistates: How Urban America Can Prosper in a Competitive World (Washington, DC: Seven Locks Press, 1993), and Joseph Stillman, Making the Connection: Economic Development, Workforce Development, and Urban Poverty (New York, NY: The Conservation Company, 1994). A useful assessment of recent efforts by private corporations to play a more direct role in urban problems has been provided by George E. Peterson and Dana R. Sunblad, Corporations as Partners in Strengthening Urban Communities (Urban Institute Report. New York, NY: The Conference Board, Inc., 1994).
  57. Jennifer Moore, "Gifts to Community Funds Top $1 Billion Last Year," Chronicle of Philanthropy, September, 1995.
  58. Joan Walsh, "Urban Strategies Council" (draft paper prepared for Development Training Institute/Urban Institute Seminar Series on community building, 1995).
  59. Piton Foundation Poverty Program, Neighborhood Leadership Program: Today's Neighbors, Tomorrow's Leaders (Denver, CO: The Piton Foundation, 1996)
  60. All of these local intermediaries except the Fund for the City of New York have recently become partners in the National Neighborhood Indicators Project. This project, managed by the Urban Institute, aims to both improve tools for bringing information to bear in a practical way in local policy making, and to spread this capability to other cities.
  61. This example is more fully documented in Maria Campbell Casey,"Using Data as an Advocacy Tool: What it Takes" ( Georgia Academy Journal, Summer 1995, 7-15).
  62. Peter Drier, "Community Empowerment Strategies: The Limits and Potentials of Community Organizing in Urban Neighborhoods" (Cityscape, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2;2, 141-142, May 1996).
  63. Aspen Roundtable, Voices From the Field: Learning From Comprehensive Community Initiatives (Draft). (Washington, D.C.: The Aspen Institute, 1996).
  64. Peter Drier, "Community Empowerment Strategies: The Limits and Potentials of Community Organizing in Urban Neighborhoods" (Cityscape, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2;2, 121-160, May 1996). Drier also cites a number of references illustrating the tensions that can arise between local governments and communities in development initiatives.

Index

Preface
Executive Summary
Chpt 1: Context & Convergence
Chpt 2: Themes of the New Community Building
Chpt 3: Supporting Broader Applications of Effective Community Building
Appendix, Notes

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